Genes (51)
Species: human : 49 mouse : 2 | |
Mouse | ADAM9 | 8754 | ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 | Overexpression of ADAM9 in non-small cell lung cancer correlates with brain metastasis. | Mouse | TIMP1 | 7076 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | We found that elevated host TIMP-1 imposed resistance to experimental metastasis of fibrosarcoma: In TIMP-1 overexpressing mice, brain metastases were significantly reduced by 75% compared to wild-type littermates. | Human | BRMS1 | 25855 | breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 | CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations revealed significantly reduced mRNA expression of metastases suppressor genes KISS1, KAI1, BRMS1, and Mkk4 in breast cancer brain metastasis. Our investigations revealed significantly reduced mRNA expression of metastases suppressor gene BRMS1 in breast cancer brain metastasis In a first step, mRNA expression screening was carried out using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR approach, in a second step quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed on selected specimens. The Metastasis Suppressor Genes (MSG) Nm23, KISS1, KAI1, BRMS1, and Mkk4 have been associated with the metastatic potential of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo.METHODS: The mRNA expression of Nm23, KISS1, KAI1, BRMS1, and Mkk4 in fresh frozen tissue samples of brain metastases from ductal invasive breast cancer specimens was examined in relation to primary tumors. Expression of MSG could be confirmed by immunohistochemical staining on protein level.CONCLUSIONS: Our investigations revealed significantly reduced mRNA expression of metastases suppressor genes KISS1, KAI1, BRMS1, and Mkk4 in breast cancer brain metastasis. | Human | NES | 10763 | nestin | All these tumors expressed nestin to various extents, in contrast to five brain metastases tested. | Human | SLIT2 | 9353 | slit homolog 2 (Drosophila) | Slit2 induces targeted migration and may play a role in brain metastasis of breast cancer cells | Human | ADAM9 | 8754 | ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 | To elucidate the role of ADAM9 in brain metastasis, we stably transfected A549 and EBC-1 cells with a full-length ADAM9 expression vector. | Human | ADAM23 | 8745 | ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 | Together, these results indicate that ADAM23 down-regulation by methylation in brain tumors is a rare event and it may help explain why brain tumor metastases are rarely found elsewhere in the body | Human | HYAL2 | 8692 | hyaluronoglucosaminidase 2 | more elevated in human brain metastases than in primary brain tumours | Human | SOCS1 | 8651 | suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 | Data suggest that the loss of SOCS-1 expression is a critical event, leading to elevated Stat3 signaling and overexpression of MMP-2, bFGF, and VEGF, as well as enhanced invasion and angiogenesis of melanoma cells, consequently promoting brain metastasis | Human | CXCR4 | 7852 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 | Two chemokine receptors and their ligands stand out as likely targets for therapeutics: CCR7/CCL21 for lymph node metastases, and CXCR4/CXCL12 for lung, liver, bone marrow, and brain metastases. | Human | VEGFA | 7422 | vascular endothelial growth factor A | Vascular endothelial growth factor-A(165) induces progression of melanoma brain metastases without induction of sprouting angiogenesis Elevated VEGF expression contributes to the ability of human breast cancer cells to form brain metastases in nude mice | Human | TTR | 7276 | transthyretin | Upregulation of transthyretin is associated with brain metastases in lung cancer | Human | NKX2-1 | 7080 | | TTF-1 immunohistochemistry could focus the search for the primary tumor for patients presenting with brain metastasis as the initial manifestation. Formalin fixed tissue from 30 patients with brain metastasis whose primary sources were clinically and histologically known with certainty were analyzed for immunoreactivity to TTF-1. Immunohistochemical staining for thyroid transcription factor-1: a helpful aid in discerning primary site of tumor origin in patients with brain metastases. TTF-1 staining is very reliable in discerning whether a brain metastasis has arisen from a pulmonary or nonpulmonary site, particularly when dealing with adenocarcinomas and large-cell carcinomas. | Human | TIMP3 | 7078 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 | Thus, in addition to these two genes, we determined the methylation status of the genes p16INK4a, glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), p14ARF, TP53, p73, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3), in 18 brain metastases of solid tumors, with methylation specific PCR. | Human | TIMP1 | 7076 | TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 | Host TIMP-1 overexpression confers resistance to experimental brain metastasis of a fibrosarcoma cell line. In brain metastases, p53 was positive in 91% of cases and intermediate in 9%, MMP-9 was positive in all cases, TIMP-1 was intermediate in 6% and negative in 94% of cases, EC expression was positive in 86% of cases and intermediate in 14%, and bcl-2 was variable. Neither p53, bcl-2, TIMP-1, or EC staining correlated with overall survival or survival with brain metastases. This study found that MMP-9 and p53 were markedly overexpressed in primary tumors and matched brain metastasis, TIMP-1 expression was negative in the majority of specimens, whereas EC expression was maintained in both primary tumors and brain metastases and bcl-2 expression was variable. This study suggests that the functional balance of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 is shifted toward extracellular matrix degradation in brain metastases and that deregulation of cell cycle control by p53 also exists in brain metastases. The objectives of this study were to: (a) characterize the immunohistochemical expression of p53, bcl-2, E-cadherin (EC), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in brain metastases; (b) compare immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of brain metastases with their primary tumors; and (c) assess the prognostic value of expression of these markers. Tumors from 35 patients with brain metastasis were studied for IHC expression of p53, bcl-2, EC, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. | Human | TGFB2 | 7042 | transforming growth factor, beta 2 | However, the in vitro growth of human melanoma cells in the presence of TGF-beta 2 inversely correlated with potential for brain parenchyma metastasis, i.e. the growth of cells from brain metastases was least inhibited by TGF-beta 2. | Human | TF | 7018 | transferrin | Upregulation of transferrin is associated with brain metastases in lung cancer | Human | STK11 | 6794 | serine/threonine kinase 11 | Genomic DNA sequencing of the complete coding region of LKB1/STK11 was performed in all brain metastases exhibiting LOH (n = 26); no mutation was revealed, but we did find a germline mutation in a PJS patient. | Human | SOD1 | 6647 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble | [Activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) in single brain metastasis] | Human | SLC1A5 | 6510 | solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5 | We analysed by RT-PCR the expression of mRNAs coding for the human variants of Gln transporters: ASCT2 (system ASC), SNAT1 [ATA1] (system A), SNAT3 [SN1] and SNAT5 [SN2] (system N), in samples of human malignant gliomas WHO grades III/IV (anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma), glioma-derived cell cultures, brain metastases from peripheral organs, and control brain tissue. | Human | ST6GAL1 | 6480 | ST6 beta-galactosamide alpha-2,6-sialyltranferase 1 | Moreover, very weak to negligible expression of both alpha 2,6-ST and alpha 2,6-linked sialoglycoconjugates was observed in brain metastases. | Human | MAP2K4 | 6416 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 | Our investigations revealed significantly reduced mRNA expression of metastases suppressor gene Mkk4 in breast cancer brain metastasis | Human | CCL21 | 6366 | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 | Two chemokine receptors and their ligands stand out as likely targets for therapeutics: CCR7/CCL21 for lymph node metastases, and CXCR4/CXCL12 for lung, liver, bone marrow, and brain metastases. | Human | POU2F2 | 5452 | POU class 2 homeobox 2 | In contrast, brain metastases of two patients with extracerebral carcinomas contained only Oct-1, and cerebral metastases from two cases of B cell lymphomas showed Oct-1 and Oct-2 complexes, the characteristic Oct protein pattern of B lymphocytes. | Human | POU2F1 | 5451 | POU class 2 homeobox 1 | In contrast, brain metastases of two patients with extracerebral carcinomas contained only Oct-1, and cerebral metastases from two cases of B cell lymphomas showed Oct-1 and Oct-2 complexes, the characteristic Oct protein pattern of B lymphocytes. |
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